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view/download model file: RandomGraphs.nlogo
You can generate networks using several different models, starting with the Erdös-Renyi (the “randomest”) network model, and a few variations that might represent
e.g. meeting people through your friends (INTRODUCTION model), linking houses or cities with roads (STATIC GEO model), literally running into people and becoming friends (RAND ENCOUNTER model), and adding new nodes to the network (GROWTH).
All except for the GROWTH model start with a fixed number of nodes (detemined by the NUM-NODES). Then edges are added, but just how depends on the model you choose.
The NUM-NODES
Click on LAYOUT to use a spring layout algorithm to reposition the nodes (you will typically want to keep this off while applying the network construction algorithms).
With the NUM-NODES slider you determine the number of nodes in the network.
The GC SIZE monitor box updates with the size of the largest component.
The AV. DEG monitor box reports on the average degree in the network.
The ASP monitor reports on the average shortest path between nodes in the largest connected component only.
The following are the network construction algorithms:
ERDÖS-RENYI constructs a random graph by adding an edge between each pair of nodes with probability PROB-LINK.
INTRODUCTION similar to ERDÖS-RENYI, however, random edges are added only with probability (1 - PROB-INTRO). The rest of the time the nodes try to get one of their friends to introduce them to someone they know.
STATIC-GEO randomly places nodes on a 2-D square area. Keep Layout? OFF so that node positions don’t change while network is being built. Each node tries to connect to its NUM-NEIGHBORS closest neighbors. This means that some nodes end up with more neighbors, because they are the closest choice to some other node even though they already have plenty of closer neighbors.
RAND-ENCOUNTER places nodes randomly on a 2D square area. Keep Layout? OFF so that nodes are moving independently of the links they have (you don’t want them tied down to their friends :) ).They move around randomly until they occupy the same “patch” as another node, at which point they connect.
GROWTH starts out with (NUM-NEIGHBORS + 1) nodes forming a fully connected clique. After this, nodes are added one by one. As nodes are added NUM-NEIGHBORS / 2 edges are added as well (with some randomness so that one ends up with approximately the correct average degree for the entire graph when NUM-NEIGHBORS is odd.
REDO LAYOUT will repeatedly apply a spring-layout algorithm to the network. In the long run this can make your computer run hot, so remember to switch it off if you have NetLogo running and are not actively using it. There are also several parameters that you can adjust so that sparse networks get pulled together more tightly, but dense networks are spread out.
Try looking at how evenly the edges are distributed among the nodes in the different models. Are some nodes better connected than others? How does this come about.
How many closed traids do you see in each network? Which models promote closed triads and in which are they rare? Can you explain why?
Observe differences in the size of the giant connected component for the ER graph and one of the other models using the same average number of neighbors or probability of linking.
Try varying the density of the network. How is the size of the giant component affected? Is the transition gradual or sudden as a function of the network density?
In the INTRODUCTION model, try varying the probability of introductions as opposed to random encounters. How does this affect the eveneness of the degree distribution and the number of closed triads formed?
This model was adapted by Lada Adamic from Uri Wilensky’s Giant Component model in NetLogo’s models library
Copyright 2012 Lada Adamic.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
extensions [network]
turtles-own
[
;; this is used to mark turtles we have already visited
explored?
]
globals
[
component-size ;; number of turtles explored so far in the current component
giant-component-size ;; number of turtles in the giant component
giant-start-node ;; node from where we started exploring the giant component
asp ;; average shortest path
]
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; Setup Procedures ;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
to setup
clear-all
set-default-shape turtles "circle"
make-turtles
set asp false
reset-ticks
end
to make-turtles
crt num-nodes
layout-circle turtles max-pxcor - 1
end
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; Network wiring procedures ;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
to all-random
setup
let thiswho 0
set asp false
if (not any? turtles) [make-turtles]
ask links [
die
]
ask turtles [
set shape "circle"
set size 3
]
ifelse prob-or-num? [
ask turtles [
set thiswho who
ask other turtles with [who > thiswho] [
if (random-float 1 < prob-link) [
create-link-with myself
]
]
]
] [
repeat (floor (num-neighbors * num-nodes / 2)) [
ask one-of turtles [
ask one-of other turtles with [not link-neighbor? myself] [
create-link-with myself
]
]
]
]
find-all-components
color-giant-component
set-current-plot "degree distribution"
set-plot-x-range 0 (max [count link-neighbors] of turtles)
; set asp network:mean-link-path-length (turtles with [color = red]) links
tick
end
to introduction
setup
let friend nobody
let thiswho 0
let num-links-want 0
set asp false
if not any? turtles [make-turtles]
ask links [
die
]
ask turtles [
set shape "face happy"
set size 3
set color pink
]
ifelse prob-or-num? [
set num-links-want prob-link * ((count turtles) * (count turtles - 1) / 2)
][
set num-links-want (floor (num-nodes * num-neighbors / 2))
]
let num-have 0
while [num-have < num-links-want] [
ask one-of turtles [
set friend self
set thiswho who
ifelse ((random-float 1.0 < prob-intro) and (any? link-neighbors))[
ask one-of link-neighbors [
if any? link-neighbors with [who != thiswho] [
ask one-of link-neighbors with [who != thiswho] [
if not link-neighbor? friend [
create-link-with friend
set num-have (num-have + 1)
]
]
]
]
]
[
ask one-of other turtles with [not link-neighbor? self] [
create-link-with friend
set num-have (num-have + 1)
]
]
]
]
find-all-components
color-giant-component
set-current-plot "degree distribution"
set-plot-x-range 0 (max [count link-neighbors] of turtles)
; set asp network:mean-link-path-length (turtles with [color = red]) links
tick
end
to static-geo
setup
let thiswho 0
set asp false
if not any? turtles [make-turtles]
ask links [
die
]
ask turtles [
set shape "house"
set color white
set xcor random-xcor
set ycor random-ycor
set size 5
]
ask turtles [
set thiswho who
ask min-n-of num-neighbors other turtles [distance myself] [
if not (link-neighbor? myself) [
create-link-with myself
]
]
]
find-all-components
color-giant-component
set-current-plot "degree distribution"
set-plot-x-range 0 (max [count link-neighbors] of turtles)
; set asp network:mean-link-path-length (turtles with [color = red]) links
tick
end
to growth
ca
reset-ticks
crt (num-neighbors + 1) [
set shape "person"
set size 5
]
ask turtles [
ask other turtles with [not link-neighbor? myself] [
create-link-with myself
]
repeat 3 [do-layout]
]
repeat (num-nodes - num-neighbors - 1) [
crt 1 [
set shape "person"
set size 5
set xcor random-xcor
set ycor random-ycor
repeat 50 [do-layout]
]
ask n-of (floor (num-neighbors / 2)) turtles [
create-link-with one-of other turtles with [not link-neighbor? self]
]
if (random-float 1 < (num-neighbors / 2 - floor (num-neighbors / 2))) [
ask one-of turtles [
create-link-with one-of other turtles with [not link-neighbor? self]
]
]
]
repeat 500 [do-layout]
find-all-components
color-giant-component
set-current-plot "degree distribution"
set-plot-x-range 0 (max [count link-neighbors] of turtles)
tick
; set asp network:mean-link-path-length (turtles with [color = red]) links
end
to rand-encounter
setup
let thiswho 0
if not any? turtles [make-turtles]
ask links [
die
]
ask turtles [
set shape "person"
set size 5
set xcor random-xcor
set ycor random-ycor
set color (gray + 2)
]
let links-wanted num-nodes * num-neighbors / 2
while [(count links) < links-wanted] [
ask turtles [
rt random 360
forward 1
ask other turtles-on patch-here [
if not link-neighbor? myself [
create-link-with myself
]
]
]
]
find-all-components
color-giant-component
set-current-plot "degree distribution"
set-plot-x-range 0 (max [count link-neighbors] of turtles)
; set asp network:mean-link-path-length (turtles with [color = red]) links
tick
end
to calc-asp
set asp network:mean-link-path-length (turtles with [color = red]) links
end
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; Network Exploration ;;;
;;; code by Uri Wilensky ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; to find all the connected components in the network, their sizes and starting turtles
to find-all-components
set giant-component-size 0
ask turtles [ set explored? false ]
;; keep exploring till all turtles get explored
loop
[
;; pick a node that has not yet been explored
let start one-of turtles with [ not explored? ]
if start = nobody [ stop ]
;; reset the number of turtles found to 0
;; this variable is updated each time we explore an
;; unexplored node.
set component-size 0
;; at this stage, we recolor everything to light gray
ask start [ explore (gray + 2) ]
;; the explore procedure updates the component-size variable.
;; so check, have we found a new giant component?
if component-size > giant-component-size
[
set giant-component-size component-size
set giant-start-node start
]
]
end
;; Finds all turtles reachable from this node (and recolors them)
to explore [new-color] ;; node procedure
if explored? [ stop ]
set explored? true
set component-size component-size + 1
;; color the node
set color new-color
ask link-neighbors [ explore new-color ]
end
;; color the giant component red
to color-giant-component
ask turtles [ set explored? false ]
ask giant-start-node [ explore red ]
ask links [ set color [color] of end1 ] ;; recolor all edges
end
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; Edge Operations ;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; pick a random missing edge and create it
to add-edge
let node1 one-of turtles
let node2 one-of turtles
ask node1 [
ifelse link-neighbor? node2 or node1 = node2
;; if there's already an edge there, then go back
;; and pick new turtles
[ add-edge ]
;; else, go ahead and make it
[ create-link-with node2 ]
]
end
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; Layout ;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
to layout
;; the number 10 here is arbitrary; more repetitions slows down the
;; model, but too few gives poor layouts
repeat 10 [
do-layout
display ;; so we get smooth animation
]
end
to do-layout
layout-spring (turtles with [any? link-neighbors]) links spring-constant spring-length repulsion-strength
end
; Original Copyright 2005 Uri Wilensky.
; Modified by Lada Adamic
; See Info tab for full copyright and license.